The citric
acid cycle is the major route for aerobic processes in animal tissues. It was
discovered in 1937 and is also known as the Krebs cycle or tri-cycle (Krebs
cycle). This is a series of reactions that are important to living cells. They
offer a complete oxidation of C2 units or acetyl-CoA derived from fats, carbohydrates
and lipids. The oxidation process is carbon dioxide and water. The citric acid
cycle is a series of reactions catalyzed by enzymes which take place in the
context of cellular respiration. Occurs just in the matrix of mitochondria
present in a cell. It is part of the metabolic pathway which produces a fuel
for use in the human body.
As already
mentioned citric acid cycle is complete breakdown of food into energy from
energy-rich molecules, which are final products of the reaction to generate.
The body is produced, the energy from these molecules as fuel. The
acetyl-coenzyme, which is produced by the degradation of sugars, fatty acids
and amino acids, reacting with oxaloacetic acid to produce more citric acid, which
is again converted to oxaloacetic acid, after a series of chemical reactions
catalyzed by enzymes. Throughout the chemical conversion process, carbon
dioxide and water are produced in different stages and ATP molecules are also
formed, which are reservoirs of energy.
Steps
involved in chemical reactions
• The
citric acid cycle begins when the coenzyme A transfers the group C 2-acetyl
compound 4 to oxaloacetate-citrate and forming a carbon molecule to 6 carbons.
• citrate
is then rearranged to form an isomeric form (isomer is a molecule having the
same number and type of atoms than the other molecule, but the structure is
different.). It forms an isocitrate.
• The
6-carbon isocitrate is then oxidized, and one molecule of carbon dioxide is
removed by the preparation of the molecule ketuglutarate 5-alpha-carbon. During
this process of NAD to NADH oxidation (an equivalent of 3 ATP) + H converted
• then
coenzyme A is removed, so that the succinate can be produced. The energy that
is released is used to guanosine triphosphate or GTP to guanosine diphosphate
or GDP. The GTP is then converted to ADP.
• Then,
succinate, which was prepared in the last step is converted to fumarate
represented by the oxidation process. During this process, FAD is reduced to
FADH2.
• malate
fumarate formed when water is added. Malate is then produced by the oxidation
process and oxaloacetate, the starting compound of the citric acid cycle.
During this process reduces the oxidation of NAD + to NADH + H
This cycle
is often referred to as amphibole, as they cover two catabolism and anabolism.
The cycle occurs when the body is in need of energy. In addition to providing
energy for the body, but also provides metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic
processes.
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